Wound Care Sterile Dressing Changes Essay - 1121 Words

Objectives According to Bastable and Doody (2007) an objective is a specific, single one-dimensional behavior. Objectives are used to form a map to provide directions on how to achieve a particular goal. In this lesson the students will have two goals. The first is for the student nurses to be able to identify all the supplies necessary to change a sterile dressing and to be able to correctly assess when a dressing needs changed or reinforced. The lesson plan will contain the following objectives: 1. Following classroom lecture, the student will identify all the supplies needed to change a sterile dressing. 2. Following a small group session, the student will be able to recognize the eight signs of when a sterile dressing needs to be†¦show more content†¦In this theory it is believed that activities are needed in order to reinforce the information that the student has been given. This is what reinforces the learning that has taken place in the classroom. Activities make learners think and thinking motivates learning O’Neil, Fisher, Newbold, 2009). In this lesson the material that is presented in the classroom lecture will be reinforced during the small group sessions when the learners are given activities to do in regards to the information that they have been given. The biggest difference between student-centered education and traditional education is that with student-centered education a variety of teaching methods are used (Blumberg, 2008). People all learn in different ways and at different levels and using just one standard teaching method does not always work for everyone. Learner-centered education is beneficial to both the teacher and the student in that it provides the perfect environment for hands on learning. It allows for the instructor to tie the material to real work examples and situations while allowing the learner to relate the learning to their own experiences. Learning Activity There are a variety of teaching methods that can be used for the purpose of developing cognitive abilities (Bastable Doody, 2007). In order to attain the goal that IShow MoreRelatedStreile Dressing Change1261 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: STERILE DRESSING Critical Thinking Application with Sterile Dressing Changes One of the best methods of reducing infection in patients with any type of wound is sterile technique with dressing change. Heavy colonization of infected sites is a risk factor for infections associated with any type of wound but mostly for wounds that penetrate deeper into the skin. Sterile site dressing is advocated to protect the open wound from contamination because it will come in to direct contactRead Morereflection on aseptic technique Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesTechnique (ANTT). The procedure I am going to discuss is a dressing change to a leg ulcer which took place during a routine home visit with the community nurse. I am going to use Gibbs Model of Reflection (1988), to reflect on the experience and evaluate my thoughts and feelings of the procedure, and to outline what I have gained from the experience for my future practice. After observing my mentor and other nurses performing various dressing changes using the Aseptic Non Touch technique (ANTT), and practicingRead MoreThe Importance Of The Treatment Of Wounds856 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the importance for the treatment of wounds: 4.3 A. Sterile vs. Clean technique As it was well stated by Barber et al (3) it may be difficult to determine whether to use a clean technique or a sterile technique when dealing with the different types of wound one encounters. As mentioned in the same article, it is important to consider the policies of the hospital. The the type of wound, bone exposure and an immunosuppressed state would also require sterile technique. Research has been done in orderRead MoreBackground And Context. In Clinical Practice, Honey Dressings1646 Words   |  7 PagesBackground and Context In clinical practice, honey dressings are often used for the management of chronic wounds. National Institute for Clinical Excellence [NICE], (2016) provides a summary of evidence to suggest that there is little good quality evidence to suggest that honey, among other advanced antimicrobial dressings, is the best option for chronic wound management despite its frequent usage. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing, global problem (World health organisation [WHO], 2016) thatRead MoreNursing Nurse And Skills On The Management Of Wound799 Words   |  4 Pageson a negative pressure wound therapy dressing or NPWT; as suggested by wound clinical nurse consultant and the doctors during their ward round, since this would allow the fast healing of her wound. I showed the supernumerary nurse the proper way of preparing an NPWT using a non-touch sterile technique, started by slowly cleaning the surrounding skin prior to the application of the pressure dressing. Since it was the first time of the preceptee to perform a pressure dressing, I have provided my precepteeRead MoreAn Evaluation Of A Nursing Nurse At A Surgical Ward977 Words   |  4 Pagesher on a negative pressure wound therapy dressing or NPWT. The wound clinical nurse consultant and the doctors during their ward round suggested it, since this would allow the fast healing of her wound. I showed the supernumerary nurse the proper way of preparing for an NPWT using a non-touch sterile technique, and slowly cleaned the surrounding skin prior to the application of the pressure dressing. Since, it was the first time of the mentee to perform a pressure dressing. I have provided my menteeRead MoreA Lesson Plan for a Wife to Heal Her Husbands Wound Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagesdebridment of a diabetic ulcer on his right foot. After learning the signs and symptoms of wound infection, and steps of dressing change, the wife can take care of her husband wound after discharging home from the hospital. Two Outcomes That Are Times and Measurable for The Plan After 24 minutes teaching session, the wife will list signs and symptoms of wound infection and perform a wound dressing change following the clean technique protocol with 100 percent accuracy(Kozier Erbs, 2008). TwoRead MoreThe Importance Of Urine Analysis In Health Care868 Words   |  4 Pages a. Teacher The RN works directly with Medical Assistants, patients, physicians, and any other personnel that may be involved in patient care. They give student’s the opportunity to learn how they process urine analysis or strep/flu samples. For example, documenting the strep throat result for a patient involves many steps. They use a machine called an Alaris. It requires a patient sample on a swab, and two cartridges. The machine takes the specific cartridges and the sample is placed into aRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Five Nursing Diagnosis1354 Words   |  6 Pagesdown from a ten to and eight (Ackley Ladwig, 2014). Risk for infection related to surgical wound on her left upper back and drainage tube in left lung. I chose this as the second nursing diagnosis and would also rate this high priority. The patient did not have a dressing over her surgical wound. She had approximately 20 staples holding it together. Her drainage tube was covered in a very tight dressing to keep it sealed and make sure there were not any leaks. This is a high priority in my opinionRead MoreCommunity Associated Mrsa Resistant Bacteria918 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body through a cut, wound, or break in the skin, an infection can happen. Until recently, infections with the MRSA type of staph occurred mainly in hospitals and other health care settings. Now there are increasing problems with MRSA infections in the community as well. Infections with MRSA may be very serious or even life-threatening. CAUSES †¢ All staph bacteria, including MRSA: ââ€"‹ Are normally harmless unless they enter the body through a scratch, cut, or wound, such as with surgery.

Death and Suicide in Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Suicide, originating from the Latin phrase sui cadere, â€Å"to kill oneself†, is one of the top leading causes of death worldwide. Every year, more than a million people commit suicide, successfully ending whatever feelings of despair, pressure, or suffering they felt when alive. Yet statistics show that the number of nonfatal suicide attempts exceeds that of actual completed suicides. Failed attempts of taking one’s own life reveal the deep, undermining uncertainties humans have about death. Such inquiries as to whether life or death is better stream into human perception. Fear of the unknown often paralyzes the courses of action one sets out to accomplish. Likewise, fear of death and the afterlife frequently results in people postponing†¦show more content†¦The use of enjambments by Shakespeare in Hamlet’s soliloquy further emphasizes the apprehension of death. The ending of a flow of thought onto the next line allows the reader to feel a sense of dis order. As Hamlet considers death to contain many confusing elements, the reader can identify more with the feelings of discomfort Hamlet tries to convey about the prospects of death. The feelings of timidity toward the afterlife inhibit plans of ample preparation as they â€Å"lose the name of action† (III.i.89). Believing that this trepidation that lingers in the conscience of human minds makes â€Å"cowards of us all† (III.i.84), Hamlet professes his own cowardice and inner frustration in his inability to take quick, affirmative action. Instead of instantly avenging his father, Hamlet thinks through every detail in a careful, logical way. Hamlet’s procrastination in killing Claudius foreshadows his own downfall as his slow actions give Claudius the opportunity to dispose of Hamlet, as the prince is now a threat to the throne and power Claudius holds in possession. Similarly, Hamlet has thoughts on suicide, yet he does not take his own life. Although capable of thinking such deeds, Hamlet is unable to perform the actions neither efficiently nor effectively due to his over-analytical and contemplative nature. The various ambiguities associated withShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreSuicide Soliloquy in Hamlet Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is a famous English playwright. His play Hamlet centers around Hamlets decision on how to seek revenge for his father’s death. However, Hamlet is unsure of what course of action he wants to take to exact his revenge. He discusses the idea of suicide as a possible option in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. In this soliloquy, Shakespeare uses metaphors, rhetorical questions, and repetition to express Hamlet’s indecision regarding what he should do. Shakespeare uses metaphorsRead MoreDeath theme In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare1418 Words   |  6 PagesDeath has always been the most debated subject regarding humans belief. It is part of life, yet a mystery nobody has experienced to tell. It is said to drive peoples actions, however Death is still a mystery as the whole human race still wonders how it acts on peoples lives and what is next after Death. In the play Hamlet, Shakespeare uses the theme of Death to drive the characters actions, and portrays the tragedy through their dialogues and significant symbols to create a tragic atmosphere. Read MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreThe Thematic Elements Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1031 Words   |  5 Pagesmany of William Shakespeare’s plays are numerous. Such themes further develop the plot of the story and help explain a universal purpose the story has. Imagination seeps through every crevice in the reader’s mind as to what a theme can be alluding to. Throughout many of Shakespeare’s written works , it can be noted that death, in particular suicide, is a relevant and ongoing theme that Shakespeare gives way to. A prime example is that of the well-known tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare does notRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream, Macbeth, And Hamlet1157 Words   |  5 PagesBiography The great English writer, William Shakespeare, was born around April of 1564 in Stratford, England. He was the son of John and Mary Shakespeare and had two older sisters and three younger brothers. He later married Anne Hathaway in 1582 and had three children, two being twin girls. By 1597, Hamlet had begun to establish himself, and 15 out of the 37 plays he wrote were published. From then on, Shakespeare’s works continued to be published. Shakespeare is now said to be a famous English poetRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanity, orRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hamlet 1366 Words   |  6 Pages21, 2015 Literary Analysis Psychological State of the Characters in Hamlet The English Play writer, William Shakespeare had written many well-known pieces of work including Hamlet. Hamlet is known to be one of his most popular works. Hamlet was written in the late 16th Century about the Prince of Denmark. The original title of the work was The Tragedy of Hamlet, now it is referred to as just Hamlet. In Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses the mental state of his characters to prove that not all charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlets Character Development Throughout His Soliloquies1370 Words   |  6 Pagesplay to speak directly to the audience and address their true thoughts and feelings. In Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, Hamlet has several soliloquies that help to form a deeper, more developed character. These soliloquies give the reader the opportunity to understand how Hamlet is struggling with his father’s death and his mother’s new marriage. They also allow the audience to grasp the trouble Hamlet is having while making the decision to live or die as he falls deeper into sadness. HoweverRead MoreHamlet’s Struggle with Life and Death1005 Words   |  5 PagesStruggle with Life and Death In Act III, scene I of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the thematic imagery, along with the symbolic use of syntax and diction that Shakespeare uses helps convey Hamlet’s state of mind as troubled and as having a painful view to life which, overall, is subtly expressed with weakness as he talked about death. Death is a major theme in Hamlet and through Shakespeare’s astonishing words in his â€Å"To be, or not to be,† soliloquy; it is obvious that Hamlet is conveyed as a troubled

Trauma Informed Care Consumers and Providers

Question: Discuss about theTrauma Informed Carefor Consumers and Providers. Answer: Introduction Trauma informed care is the new approach to deliver quality care to the patients suffering with mental illness. Trauma Informed Care can be considered as an organizational structure and framework of the treatment that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma. Trauma Informed Care also emphasizes physical, psychological and emotional safety for both consumers and providers, and helps survivors rebuild a sense of control and empowerment (Muskett, 2014). The people who have suffered traumatic events in their life may go through distress and anxiety. They may also be re-traumatized due to the procedure of the treatment. To save the patient from any kind of distress, Trauma informed care is used. Thus, trauma informed care is seen as the fundamental value that could be very effective for the current mental health nursing practice. This essay aims towards discuss the various pieces of literature to trace the importance of trauma informed car e in mental health settings. The essay will also discuss the relevance of the various principles of trauma informed care. Analysis of Trauma Informed Care Trauma informed care can be very effective in increasing the knowledge and skills of the nurses working in the mental healthcare settings. The nursing practice in such setting is focused on reducing the post traumatic effect and impact of trauma from the patients life and current mental health. The main focus of the Trauma Informed Care is to prevent the episodes of re-traumatizing, which could occur during the process of providing care (Brown et al, 2014). Thus, there is an increased emphasis on using the framework of the trauma informed care in the mental health setting. The focus of such framework is to understand the neurological, biological, social and psychological impacts of trauma and alleviating such effects. Trauma can lead a very harmful effect on the mental and physical health of a person. People may suffer with distress, depression, and post traumatic stress disorder or maniac attacks. Traumatized individual can also become violent and aggressive. According to Horowitz, Guyer, and Sanders (2015), trauma informed care is used to reduce the stressors that can trigger the old traumatic memories and escalate the level of violence and aggression in the mental health patients. Such behavior of the patient can increase the risk of self harm and harm to others. For such behavior restrictive interventions are applied. These restrictive interventions may include seclusion, physical restraint, or mechanical restraint and are known to exacerbate symptoms of past trauma for people with mental illness (Moran et al, 2009). However, the use of trauma informed care states to reduce the use of restrictive interventions. The nurses may have to face various issues due to vulnerability of the patients and such austere and punitive setting (Maumus and Conrad, 2016). Translating the values of such framework can also be difficult. The major theme of the trauma informed care is to reduce seclusion, physical and mechanical restraint, however in the Emergency Departments; it becomes difficult to control the patient, for which such restraints are used (Gerace et al, 2014). Seclusion and restraints are also used when mental health crisis may risk the psychological outcomes. Trauma informed care policy restricts the use of restrictive interventions, yet in Victoria such interventions are used despite of the policy that states that such episodes must be reduce in order to eliminate it completely in future (Gerace et al, 2014). Thus, framework has been provided to reduce the use of the restrictive interventions, yet it is being used in various mental healthcare setting. Such frameworks include trauma informed care, yet there is challenge to educate the nurses about it and apply suck skills and knowledge in the nursing practice in mental healthcare settings (Reeves, 2015). There is a research available for the mental health nurses providing trauma informed care to the patients. But, nurses in the Emergency departments have not been provided with multidisciplinary environment. Such nurses require specific education and knowledge before applying this framework (Stokes, 2016). Trauma informed care focuses on reducing the re-traumatizing events; this concept is explained effectively through the research study of Muskett (2014). According to his study, it is explained that applying the trauma informed care framework in Australia is mainly about reducing, whenever possible, the use of restraints and seclusion. The constant churn of the admission and readmission of the patient in the metal health settings it becomes very difficult to eliminate restraints and seclusions completely (Reeves, 2015). This means that elimination seclusion and restraint is not the only purpose of trauma informed care, but it can also be used to enhance the skills and knowledge of nurses towards other important factors. Muskett (2014) further explains that exposure to traumatic events in childhood can result in adverse effects for the mental health. This could be the compelling base for the nurses in inpatient mental health settings. Trauma informed care includes the concepts of neurological, biological, psychological and social concepts. Thus according to neurological concept or neuroscience explains that when a child goes through a trauma, the structure and functioning of the brain are changed (Horowitz, Guyer, and Sanders, 2015). The experience of the child in infancy will determine the growth and functioning of his brain in childhood. Negative experiences can disturb the development and integration of the neural pathway. This results in mood and behavior impairment in children and adverse health outcome in the adulthood (Azeem et al, 2011). Thus trauma informed care can be used to reduce the neurological impact of trauma. So trauma informed care is not just to control the symptoms and disorders, but it is about providing the sensitive and quality services to reduce re- traumatization and increasing quality of life. Principles of Trauma Informed Care The basic and most essential component of the trauma informed care is that the treatments and intervention used for the patient by the healthcare services must not inflict any kind of additional trauma for the patient that could trigger their traumatic memories and may disturb them. Different principles are included in the Trauma Informed Care framework. The first principle is the physical and emotional safety of the patients (Brown et al, 2014). This principle can help nurses to provide harmless and sensitive environment and care to the patients. It also underlines the ethical principle of autonomy. Evidence based study and tools must be use to endure safety at every step. Autonomy of the patient allows that patients should be informed about what is going on and why it is happening. Second principle is trustworthiness, which inflicts that system and services will provide the care that would be less risky for re-traumatization. This includes maintaining the professional boundaries and keep transparency with consumers. This principle reflects the administrative and organizational commitments of trauma informed care. This principle will help to change the approach of the healthcare professionals towards people with mental health issues, as it prevents any kind of treatment or intervention that may be problematic for the consumers and can hinder informed care (Hodas, 2006). Third principle is the about valuing choice. The choices of the patients about treatment must be valued, as it support autonomy and informed decision making. It helps to maintain the ethical practice of nursing. Collaboration is the next principle that values the collaboration and participation of service providers and consumers. It incorporates trauma awareness and trauma related practices. This will help the nursing professional to shift from the pathology mindset and develop flexibility in nursing practice. Fifth value principle of trauma informed care is empowerment, which promotes resilience, and understanding that every individual is competent and can heal (Roberts and Boardman, 2014). This principle use the strength focused perspective and provide hope to the patients. All these principles explain that trauma informed care is a broad framework that focuses on various aspects of nursing practice. The principles can help in enhancing the skills and knowledge of the nurses and also supports that trauma informed care is not just to eliminate seclusions and restraints, but to promote overall well-being of the patients (Anyikwa, 2016). These are the strength based principles that help to develop resilience. These principles also support autonomy of the patients and consider them as competent individuals. Conclusion Trauma informed care is the new and vital approach towards providing quality care to the patients in mental health settings. This kind of approach is considered to be very effective, as it values evidence based study and competence. The essay demonstrated the understanding of the trauma informed care through a definition. Trauma Informed care is basically focused on applying the treatments and interventions that may not inflict any further trauma. This kind of approach is based on various value principles that could be sometime confusing for the nursing professionals in understanding that how they can support these values. Essay also explained the challenges that can arise while providing trauma informed care. Some of the studies focused on reducing seclusions and restraints, but trauma informed care must be looked in a broader sense. There are other principles and tangible practices that nurse can use to improve the health outcomes in patients. Bibliography Anyikwa, V.A., 2016. Trauma-informed approach to survivors of intimate partner violence.Journal of evidence-informed social work, pp.1-8. Azeem, M.W., Aujla, A., Rammerth, M., Binsfeld, G. and Jones, R.B., 2011. Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing,24(1), pp.11-15. Brown, V.M., Strauss, J.L., LaBar, K.S., Gold, A.L., McCarthy, G. and Morey, R.A., 2014. Acute effects of trauma-focused research procedures on participant safety and distress.Psychiatry research,215(1), pp.154-158. Gerace, A., Pamungkas, D.R., Oster, C., Thomson, D. and Muir-Cochrane, E., 2014. The use of restraint in four general hospital emergency departments in Australia.Australasian Psychiatry, p.1039856214534001. Hodas, G.R., 2006. Responding to childhood trauma: The promise and practice of trauma informed care.Pennsylvania Office of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, pp.1-77. Horowitz, D., Guyer, M. and Sanders, K., 2015. Psychosocial approaches to violence and aggression: contextually anchored and trauma-informed interventions.CNS spectrums,20(03), pp.190-199. Maumus, M. and Conrad, K., 2016. Hospital Systems Management. InAbsolute Hospital Medicine Review(pp. 149-193). Springer International Publishing. Moran, A., Cocoman, A., Scott, P.A., Matthews, A., Staniuliene, V. and Valimaki, M., 2009. Restraint and seclusion: a distressing treatment option?.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,16(7), pp.599-605. Muskett, C., 2014. Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), pp.51-59. Reeves, E., 2015. A synthesis of the literature on trauma-informed care.Issues in mental health nursing,36(9), pp.698-709. Roberts, G. and Boardman, J., 2014. Becoming a recovery-oriented practitioner.Advances in psychiatric treatment,20(1), pp.37-47. Stokes, Y., 2016.Exploring Nurses' Knowledge and Experiences Related to Trauma-Informed Care(Doctoral dissertation, Universit d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).

The United States Government Essays - Rodham Family,

The United States Government U.S. Government (History) The United States Government A collection of short reports all dealing with the United States Government. William Jefferson Clinton William Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas. His father, William J. Blythe III was killed in an automobile collision just two months before William's birth. At age four, William Jefferson Blythe IV was legally adopted by his mothers second husband, Roger Clinton, making him William Jefferson Clinton. At age 22 William received a Bachelor's degree from Georgetown University. Just five years later, he received his law degree from Yale. Soon after graduating from Yale, he became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. He did not stay in one place for long though, and in 1978 he became the Attorney General of Arkansas. From this political position, he moved higher up in the ranks and in 1978 won the election for the gubernatorial seat of Arkansas. In the 1980 elections, however, William (Bill) was defeated by Republican Frank White. As the youngest governor of Arkansas in 40 years, Bill then became the youngest ex-governor in United States history. During the interim, Clinton was hired by the law firm Wright, Lindsey and Jennings. In the 1982 elections, Mr. Clinton went after the position of governor with renewed vigor and defeated incumbent Republican Frank White. During the campaigning for the election a Time magazine article stated: ?If Clinton does win, it could seem like less a comeback than a canny mid-course correction in the path of a young, bright political star.? Clinton went on to win the next two gubernatorial elections in the state of Arkansas. In 1988 he had the possibility of a Democratic Party presidential nomination, but he refused to run. Finally, in 1991, Clinton announced that he was going to run for President of the United States. In the 1992 election, Bill Clinton ran against Republican incumbent George Herbert Walker Bush and independent Ross H. Perot. During the campaign, Bill met with some difficulty when the media discovered that he had dodged the Vietnam draft, been unfaithful to his spouse, and smoked marijuana while attending Oxford. Bill placated the liberal-biased media by saying that he didn't believe in the war, and he ?didn't inhale.? Opposition mounted when reporters discovered that Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham, whom he married in 1975, had made some questionable dealings over a piece of real estate referred to commonly as Whitewater. Despite the seemingly insurmountable odds, Clinton won the election, with 46% of voting Americans supporting him. Antonin Scalia, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was born March 11, 1936 in an Italian majority section of Trenton, New Jersey. His father, Eugene Scalia was a literary scholar and a professor of Romance Languages at Brooklyn College. His mother was an elementary school teacher. Scalia attended Xavier High School, a Catholic Military academy. He graduated, first in his class, in 1953. One of his good friends once said: ?He was brilliant, way above everybody else.? He later majored in History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he again graduated first in his class. Soon after leaving Georgetown, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was known around the campus as an effective debater. From Harvard he earned an LL. B. Degree and in 1960 joined the Cleveland based law firm Jones, Day, Cockly and Reavis. He was one of the most straightforward conservatives on the staff and there too earned a reputation as a debater. Later, President Richard Nixon appointed Scalia to the position of Part-time General Counsel in Executive Office of Telecom Policy. He was confirmed by Congress under the Gerald Ford administration for the position of Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Justice Department's office of legal counsel. At that time his job was mostly to give advice to the President and the Attorney General. In 1977 he became a Professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Antonin Scalia is now an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He took his oath in 1986 and is the first Italian-American Supreme Court Justice. He was part of President Ronald Reagan's effort to make the judiciary system more conservative. Mr. Scalia is very outspoken against racially based affirmative action programs and the ?Constitutional Right?