Wound Care Sterile Dressing Changes Essay - 1121 Words

Objectives According to Bastable and Doody (2007) an objective is a specific, single one-dimensional behavior. Objectives are used to form a map to provide directions on how to achieve a particular goal. In this lesson the students will have two goals. The first is for the student nurses to be able to identify all the supplies necessary to change a sterile dressing and to be able to correctly assess when a dressing needs changed or reinforced. The lesson plan will contain the following objectives: 1. Following classroom lecture, the student will identify all the supplies needed to change a sterile dressing. 2. Following a small group session, the student will be able to recognize the eight signs of when a sterile dressing needs to be†¦show more content†¦In this theory it is believed that activities are needed in order to reinforce the information that the student has been given. This is what reinforces the learning that has taken place in the classroom. Activities make learners think and thinking motivates learning O’Neil, Fisher, Newbold, 2009). In this lesson the material that is presented in the classroom lecture will be reinforced during the small group sessions when the learners are given activities to do in regards to the information that they have been given. The biggest difference between student-centered education and traditional education is that with student-centered education a variety of teaching methods are used (Blumberg, 2008). People all learn in different ways and at different levels and using just one standard teaching method does not always work for everyone. Learner-centered education is beneficial to both the teacher and the student in that it provides the perfect environment for hands on learning. It allows for the instructor to tie the material to real work examples and situations while allowing the learner to relate the learning to their own experiences. Learning Activity There are a variety of teaching methods that can be used for the purpose of developing cognitive abilities (Bastable Doody, 2007). In order to attain the goal that IShow MoreRelatedStreile Dressing Change1261 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: STERILE DRESSING Critical Thinking Application with Sterile Dressing Changes One of the best methods of reducing infection in patients with any type of wound is sterile technique with dressing change. Heavy colonization of infected sites is a risk factor for infections associated with any type of wound but mostly for wounds that penetrate deeper into the skin. Sterile site dressing is advocated to protect the open wound from contamination because it will come in to direct contactRead Morereflection on aseptic technique Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesTechnique (ANTT). The procedure I am going to discuss is a dressing change to a leg ulcer which took place during a routine home visit with the community nurse. I am going to use Gibbs Model of Reflection (1988), to reflect on the experience and evaluate my thoughts and feelings of the procedure, and to outline what I have gained from the experience for my future practice. After observing my mentor and other nurses performing various dressing changes using the Aseptic Non Touch technique (ANTT), and practicingRead MoreThe Importance Of The Treatment Of Wounds856 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the importance for the treatment of wounds: 4.3 A. Sterile vs. Clean technique As it was well stated by Barber et al (3) it may be difficult to determine whether to use a clean technique or a sterile technique when dealing with the different types of wound one encounters. As mentioned in the same article, it is important to consider the policies of the hospital. The the type of wound, bone exposure and an immunosuppressed state would also require sterile technique. Research has been done in orderRead MoreBackground And Context. In Clinical Practice, Honey Dressings1646 Words   |  7 PagesBackground and Context In clinical practice, honey dressings are often used for the management of chronic wounds. National Institute for Clinical Excellence [NICE], (2016) provides a summary of evidence to suggest that there is little good quality evidence to suggest that honey, among other advanced antimicrobial dressings, is the best option for chronic wound management despite its frequent usage. Antimicrobial resistance is a growing, global problem (World health organisation [WHO], 2016) thatRead MoreNursing Nurse And Skills On The Management Of Wound799 Words   |  4 Pageson a negative pressure wound therapy dressing or NPWT; as suggested by wound clinical nurse consultant and the doctors during their ward round, since this would allow the fast healing of her wound. I showed the supernumerary nurse the proper way of preparing an NPWT using a non-touch sterile technique, started by slowly cleaning the surrounding skin prior to the application of the pressure dressing. Since it was the first time of the preceptee to perform a pressure dressing, I have provided my precepteeRead MoreAn Evaluation Of A Nursing Nurse At A Surgical Ward977 Words   |  4 Pagesher on a negative pressure wound therapy dressing or NPWT. The wound clinical nurse consultant and the doctors during their ward round suggested it, since this would allow the fast healing of her wound. I showed the supernumerary nurse the proper way of preparing for an NPWT using a non-touch sterile technique, and slowly cleaned the surrounding skin prior to the application of the pressure dressing. Since, it was the first time of the mentee to perform a pressure dressing. I have provided my menteeRead MoreA Lesson Plan for a Wife to Heal Her Husbands Wound Essay584 Words   |  3 Pagesdebridment of a diabetic ulcer on his right foot. After learning the signs and symptoms of wound infection, and steps of dressing change, the wife can take care of her husband wound after discharging home from the hospital. Two Outcomes That Are Times and Measurable for The Plan After 24 minutes teaching session, the wife will list signs and symptoms of wound infection and perform a wound dressing change following the clean technique protocol with 100 percent accuracy(Kozier Erbs, 2008). TwoRead MoreThe Importance Of Urine Analysis In Health Care868 Words   |  4 Pages a. Teacher The RN works directly with Medical Assistants, patients, physicians, and any other personnel that may be involved in patient care. They give student’s the opportunity to learn how they process urine analysis or strep/flu samples. For example, documenting the strep throat result for a patient involves many steps. They use a machine called an Alaris. It requires a patient sample on a swab, and two cartridges. The machine takes the specific cartridges and the sample is placed into aRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Five Nursing Diagnosis1354 Words   |  6 Pagesdown from a ten to and eight (Ackley Ladwig, 2014). Risk for infection related to surgical wound on her left upper back and drainage tube in left lung. I chose this as the second nursing diagnosis and would also rate this high priority. The patient did not have a dressing over her surgical wound. She had approximately 20 staples holding it together. Her drainage tube was covered in a very tight dressing to keep it sealed and make sure there were not any leaks. This is a high priority in my opinionRead MoreCommunity Associated Mrsa Resistant Bacteria918 Words   |  4 Pagesthe body through a cut, wound, or break in the skin, an infection can happen. Until recently, infections with the MRSA type of staph occurred mainly in hospitals and other health care settings. Now there are increasing problems with MRSA infections in the community as well. Infections with MRSA may be very serious or even life-threatening. CAUSES †¢ All staph bacteria, including MRSA: ââ€"‹ Are normally harmless unless they enter the body through a scratch, cut, or wound, such as with surgery.

Death and Suicide in Hamlet by William Shakespeare

Suicide, originating from the Latin phrase sui cadere, â€Å"to kill oneself†, is one of the top leading causes of death worldwide. Every year, more than a million people commit suicide, successfully ending whatever feelings of despair, pressure, or suffering they felt when alive. Yet statistics show that the number of nonfatal suicide attempts exceeds that of actual completed suicides. Failed attempts of taking one’s own life reveal the deep, undermining uncertainties humans have about death. Such inquiries as to whether life or death is better stream into human perception. Fear of the unknown often paralyzes the courses of action one sets out to accomplish. Likewise, fear of death and the afterlife frequently results in people postponing†¦show more content†¦The use of enjambments by Shakespeare in Hamlet’s soliloquy further emphasizes the apprehension of death. The ending of a flow of thought onto the next line allows the reader to feel a sense of dis order. As Hamlet considers death to contain many confusing elements, the reader can identify more with the feelings of discomfort Hamlet tries to convey about the prospects of death. The feelings of timidity toward the afterlife inhibit plans of ample preparation as they â€Å"lose the name of action† (III.i.89). Believing that this trepidation that lingers in the conscience of human minds makes â€Å"cowards of us all† (III.i.84), Hamlet professes his own cowardice and inner frustration in his inability to take quick, affirmative action. Instead of instantly avenging his father, Hamlet thinks through every detail in a careful, logical way. Hamlet’s procrastination in killing Claudius foreshadows his own downfall as his slow actions give Claudius the opportunity to dispose of Hamlet, as the prince is now a threat to the throne and power Claudius holds in possession. Similarly, Hamlet has thoughts on suicide, yet he does not take his own life. Although capable of thinking such deeds, Hamlet is unable to perform the actions neither efficiently nor effectively due to his over-analytical and contemplative nature. The various ambiguities associated withShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreSuicide Soliloquy in Hamlet Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pages William Shakespeare is a famous English playwright. His play Hamlet centers around Hamlets decision on how to seek revenge for his father’s death. However, Hamlet is unsure of what course of action he wants to take to exact his revenge. He discusses the idea of suicide as a possible option in his â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy. In this soliloquy, Shakespeare uses metaphors, rhetorical questions, and repetition to express Hamlet’s indecision regarding what he should do. Shakespeare uses metaphorsRead MoreDeath theme In the play Hamlet by Shakespeare1418 Words   |  6 PagesDeath has always been the most debated subject regarding humans belief. It is part of life, yet a mystery nobody has experienced to tell. It is said to drive peoples actions, however Death is still a mystery as the whole human race still wonders how it acts on peoples lives and what is next after Death. In the play Hamlet, Shakespeare uses the theme of Death to drive the characters actions, and portrays the tragedy through their dialogues and significant symbols to create a tragic atmosphere. Read MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English history spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreThe Thematic Elements Of William Shakespeare s Hamlet1031 Words   |  5 Pagesmany of William Shakespeare’s plays are numerous. Such themes further develop the plot of the story and help explain a universal purpose the story has. Imagination seeps through every crevice in the reader’s mind as to what a theme can be alluding to. Throughout many of Shakespeare’s written works , it can be noted that death, in particular suicide, is a relevant and ongoing theme that Shakespeare gives way to. A prime example is that of the well-known tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare does notRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream, Macbeth, And Hamlet1157 Words   |  5 PagesBiography The great English writer, William Shakespeare, was born around April of 1564 in Stratford, England. He was the son of John and Mary Shakespeare and had two older sisters and three younger brothers. He later married Anne Hathaway in 1582 and had three children, two being twin girls. By 1597, Hamlet had begun to establish himself, and 15 out of the 37 plays he wrote were published. From then on, Shakespeare’s works continued to be published. Shakespeare is now said to be a famous English poetRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanity, orRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Hamlet 1366 Words   |  6 Pages21, 2015 Literary Analysis Psychological State of the Characters in Hamlet The English Play writer, William Shakespeare had written many well-known pieces of work including Hamlet. Hamlet is known to be one of his most popular works. Hamlet was written in the late 16th Century about the Prince of Denmark. The original title of the work was The Tragedy of Hamlet, now it is referred to as just Hamlet. In Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses the mental state of his characters to prove that not all charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of Hamlets Character Development Throughout His Soliloquies1370 Words   |  6 Pagesplay to speak directly to the audience and address their true thoughts and feelings. In Hamlet written by William Shakespeare, Hamlet has several soliloquies that help to form a deeper, more developed character. These soliloquies give the reader the opportunity to understand how Hamlet is struggling with his father’s death and his mother’s new marriage. They also allow the audience to grasp the trouble Hamlet is having while making the decision to live or die as he falls deeper into sadness. HoweverRead MoreHamlet’s Struggle with Life and Death1005 Words   |  5 PagesStruggle with Life and Death In Act III, scene I of Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, the thematic imagery, along with the symbolic use of syntax and diction that Shakespeare uses helps convey Hamlet’s state of mind as troubled and as having a painful view to life which, overall, is subtly expressed with weakness as he talked about death. Death is a major theme in Hamlet and through Shakespeare’s astonishing words in his â€Å"To be, or not to be,† soliloquy; it is obvious that Hamlet is conveyed as a troubled

Trauma Informed Care Consumers and Providers

Question: Discuss about theTrauma Informed Carefor Consumers and Providers. Answer: Introduction Trauma informed care is the new approach to deliver quality care to the patients suffering with mental illness. Trauma Informed Care can be considered as an organizational structure and framework of the treatment that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma. Trauma Informed Care also emphasizes physical, psychological and emotional safety for both consumers and providers, and helps survivors rebuild a sense of control and empowerment (Muskett, 2014). The people who have suffered traumatic events in their life may go through distress and anxiety. They may also be re-traumatized due to the procedure of the treatment. To save the patient from any kind of distress, Trauma informed care is used. Thus, trauma informed care is seen as the fundamental value that could be very effective for the current mental health nursing practice. This essay aims towards discuss the various pieces of literature to trace the importance of trauma informed car e in mental health settings. The essay will also discuss the relevance of the various principles of trauma informed care. Analysis of Trauma Informed Care Trauma informed care can be very effective in increasing the knowledge and skills of the nurses working in the mental healthcare settings. The nursing practice in such setting is focused on reducing the post traumatic effect and impact of trauma from the patients life and current mental health. The main focus of the Trauma Informed Care is to prevent the episodes of re-traumatizing, which could occur during the process of providing care (Brown et al, 2014). Thus, there is an increased emphasis on using the framework of the trauma informed care in the mental health setting. The focus of such framework is to understand the neurological, biological, social and psychological impacts of trauma and alleviating such effects. Trauma can lead a very harmful effect on the mental and physical health of a person. People may suffer with distress, depression, and post traumatic stress disorder or maniac attacks. Traumatized individual can also become violent and aggressive. According to Horowitz, Guyer, and Sanders (2015), trauma informed care is used to reduce the stressors that can trigger the old traumatic memories and escalate the level of violence and aggression in the mental health patients. Such behavior of the patient can increase the risk of self harm and harm to others. For such behavior restrictive interventions are applied. These restrictive interventions may include seclusion, physical restraint, or mechanical restraint and are known to exacerbate symptoms of past trauma for people with mental illness (Moran et al, 2009). However, the use of trauma informed care states to reduce the use of restrictive interventions. The nurses may have to face various issues due to vulnerability of the patients and such austere and punitive setting (Maumus and Conrad, 2016). Translating the values of such framework can also be difficult. The major theme of the trauma informed care is to reduce seclusion, physical and mechanical restraint, however in the Emergency Departments; it becomes difficult to control the patient, for which such restraints are used (Gerace et al, 2014). Seclusion and restraints are also used when mental health crisis may risk the psychological outcomes. Trauma informed care policy restricts the use of restrictive interventions, yet in Victoria such interventions are used despite of the policy that states that such episodes must be reduce in order to eliminate it completely in future (Gerace et al, 2014). Thus, framework has been provided to reduce the use of the restrictive interventions, yet it is being used in various mental healthcare setting. Such frameworks include trauma informed care, yet there is challenge to educate the nurses about it and apply suck skills and knowledge in the nursing practice in mental healthcare settings (Reeves, 2015). There is a research available for the mental health nurses providing trauma informed care to the patients. But, nurses in the Emergency departments have not been provided with multidisciplinary environment. Such nurses require specific education and knowledge before applying this framework (Stokes, 2016). Trauma informed care focuses on reducing the re-traumatizing events; this concept is explained effectively through the research study of Muskett (2014). According to his study, it is explained that applying the trauma informed care framework in Australia is mainly about reducing, whenever possible, the use of restraints and seclusion. The constant churn of the admission and readmission of the patient in the metal health settings it becomes very difficult to eliminate restraints and seclusions completely (Reeves, 2015). This means that elimination seclusion and restraint is not the only purpose of trauma informed care, but it can also be used to enhance the skills and knowledge of nurses towards other important factors. Muskett (2014) further explains that exposure to traumatic events in childhood can result in adverse effects for the mental health. This could be the compelling base for the nurses in inpatient mental health settings. Trauma informed care includes the concepts of neurological, biological, psychological and social concepts. Thus according to neurological concept or neuroscience explains that when a child goes through a trauma, the structure and functioning of the brain are changed (Horowitz, Guyer, and Sanders, 2015). The experience of the child in infancy will determine the growth and functioning of his brain in childhood. Negative experiences can disturb the development and integration of the neural pathway. This results in mood and behavior impairment in children and adverse health outcome in the adulthood (Azeem et al, 2011). Thus trauma informed care can be used to reduce the neurological impact of trauma. So trauma informed care is not just to control the symptoms and disorders, but it is about providing the sensitive and quality services to reduce re- traumatization and increasing quality of life. Principles of Trauma Informed Care The basic and most essential component of the trauma informed care is that the treatments and intervention used for the patient by the healthcare services must not inflict any kind of additional trauma for the patient that could trigger their traumatic memories and may disturb them. Different principles are included in the Trauma Informed Care framework. The first principle is the physical and emotional safety of the patients (Brown et al, 2014). This principle can help nurses to provide harmless and sensitive environment and care to the patients. It also underlines the ethical principle of autonomy. Evidence based study and tools must be use to endure safety at every step. Autonomy of the patient allows that patients should be informed about what is going on and why it is happening. Second principle is trustworthiness, which inflicts that system and services will provide the care that would be less risky for re-traumatization. This includes maintaining the professional boundaries and keep transparency with consumers. This principle reflects the administrative and organizational commitments of trauma informed care. This principle will help to change the approach of the healthcare professionals towards people with mental health issues, as it prevents any kind of treatment or intervention that may be problematic for the consumers and can hinder informed care (Hodas, 2006). Third principle is the about valuing choice. The choices of the patients about treatment must be valued, as it support autonomy and informed decision making. It helps to maintain the ethical practice of nursing. Collaboration is the next principle that values the collaboration and participation of service providers and consumers. It incorporates trauma awareness and trauma related practices. This will help the nursing professional to shift from the pathology mindset and develop flexibility in nursing practice. Fifth value principle of trauma informed care is empowerment, which promotes resilience, and understanding that every individual is competent and can heal (Roberts and Boardman, 2014). This principle use the strength focused perspective and provide hope to the patients. All these principles explain that trauma informed care is a broad framework that focuses on various aspects of nursing practice. The principles can help in enhancing the skills and knowledge of the nurses and also supports that trauma informed care is not just to eliminate seclusions and restraints, but to promote overall well-being of the patients (Anyikwa, 2016). These are the strength based principles that help to develop resilience. These principles also support autonomy of the patients and consider them as competent individuals. Conclusion Trauma informed care is the new and vital approach towards providing quality care to the patients in mental health settings. This kind of approach is considered to be very effective, as it values evidence based study and competence. The essay demonstrated the understanding of the trauma informed care through a definition. Trauma Informed care is basically focused on applying the treatments and interventions that may not inflict any further trauma. This kind of approach is based on various value principles that could be sometime confusing for the nursing professionals in understanding that how they can support these values. Essay also explained the challenges that can arise while providing trauma informed care. Some of the studies focused on reducing seclusions and restraints, but trauma informed care must be looked in a broader sense. There are other principles and tangible practices that nurse can use to improve the health outcomes in patients. Bibliography Anyikwa, V.A., 2016. Trauma-informed approach to survivors of intimate partner violence.Journal of evidence-informed social work, pp.1-8. Azeem, M.W., Aujla, A., Rammerth, M., Binsfeld, G. and Jones, R.B., 2011. Effectiveness of six core strategies based on trauma informed care in reducing seclusions and restraints at a child and adolescent psychiatric hospital.Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing,24(1), pp.11-15. Brown, V.M., Strauss, J.L., LaBar, K.S., Gold, A.L., McCarthy, G. and Morey, R.A., 2014. Acute effects of trauma-focused research procedures on participant safety and distress.Psychiatry research,215(1), pp.154-158. Gerace, A., Pamungkas, D.R., Oster, C., Thomson, D. and Muir-Cochrane, E., 2014. The use of restraint in four general hospital emergency departments in Australia.Australasian Psychiatry, p.1039856214534001. Hodas, G.R., 2006. Responding to childhood trauma: The promise and practice of trauma informed care.Pennsylvania Office of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, pp.1-77. Horowitz, D., Guyer, M. and Sanders, K., 2015. Psychosocial approaches to violence and aggression: contextually anchored and trauma-informed interventions.CNS spectrums,20(03), pp.190-199. Maumus, M. and Conrad, K., 2016. Hospital Systems Management. InAbsolute Hospital Medicine Review(pp. 149-193). Springer International Publishing. Moran, A., Cocoman, A., Scott, P.A., Matthews, A., Staniuliene, V. and Valimaki, M., 2009. Restraint and seclusion: a distressing treatment option?.Journal of psychiatric and mental health nursing,16(7), pp.599-605. Muskett, C., 2014. Trauma?informed care in inpatient mental health settings: A review of the literature.International Journal of Mental Health Nursing,23(1), pp.51-59. Reeves, E., 2015. A synthesis of the literature on trauma-informed care.Issues in mental health nursing,36(9), pp.698-709. Roberts, G. and Boardman, J., 2014. Becoming a recovery-oriented practitioner.Advances in psychiatric treatment,20(1), pp.37-47. Stokes, Y., 2016.Exploring Nurses' Knowledge and Experiences Related to Trauma-Informed Care(Doctoral dissertation, Universit d'Ottawa/University of Ottawa).

The United States Government Essays - Rodham Family,

The United States Government U.S. Government (History) The United States Government A collection of short reports all dealing with the United States Government. William Jefferson Clinton William Jefferson Clinton was born on August 19, 1946, in Hope, Arkansas. His father, William J. Blythe III was killed in an automobile collision just two months before William's birth. At age four, William Jefferson Blythe IV was legally adopted by his mothers second husband, Roger Clinton, making him William Jefferson Clinton. At age 22 William received a Bachelor's degree from Georgetown University. Just five years later, he received his law degree from Yale. Soon after graduating from Yale, he became a law professor at the University of Arkansas. He did not stay in one place for long though, and in 1978 he became the Attorney General of Arkansas. From this political position, he moved higher up in the ranks and in 1978 won the election for the gubernatorial seat of Arkansas. In the 1980 elections, however, William (Bill) was defeated by Republican Frank White. As the youngest governor of Arkansas in 40 years, Bill then became the youngest ex-governor in United States history. During the interim, Clinton was hired by the law firm Wright, Lindsey and Jennings. In the 1982 elections, Mr. Clinton went after the position of governor with renewed vigor and defeated incumbent Republican Frank White. During the campaigning for the election a Time magazine article stated: ?If Clinton does win, it could seem like less a comeback than a canny mid-course correction in the path of a young, bright political star.? Clinton went on to win the next two gubernatorial elections in the state of Arkansas. In 1988 he had the possibility of a Democratic Party presidential nomination, but he refused to run. Finally, in 1991, Clinton announced that he was going to run for President of the United States. In the 1992 election, Bill Clinton ran against Republican incumbent George Herbert Walker Bush and independent Ross H. Perot. During the campaign, Bill met with some difficulty when the media discovered that he had dodged the Vietnam draft, been unfaithful to his spouse, and smoked marijuana while attending Oxford. Bill placated the liberal-biased media by saying that he didn't believe in the war, and he ?didn't inhale.? Opposition mounted when reporters discovered that Clinton and his wife, Hillary Rodham, whom he married in 1975, had made some questionable dealings over a piece of real estate referred to commonly as Whitewater. Despite the seemingly insurmountable odds, Clinton won the election, with 46% of voting Americans supporting him. Antonin Scalia, Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia was born March 11, 1936 in an Italian majority section of Trenton, New Jersey. His father, Eugene Scalia was a literary scholar and a professor of Romance Languages at Brooklyn College. His mother was an elementary school teacher. Scalia attended Xavier High School, a Catholic Military academy. He graduated, first in his class, in 1953. One of his good friends once said: ?He was brilliant, way above everybody else.? He later majored in History at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., where he again graduated first in his class. Soon after leaving Georgetown, he enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was known around the campus as an effective debater. From Harvard he earned an LL. B. Degree and in 1960 joined the Cleveland based law firm Jones, Day, Cockly and Reavis. He was one of the most straightforward conservatives on the staff and there too earned a reputation as a debater. Later, President Richard Nixon appointed Scalia to the position of Part-time General Counsel in Executive Office of Telecom Policy. He was confirmed by Congress under the Gerald Ford administration for the position of Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Justice Department's office of legal counsel. At that time his job was mostly to give advice to the President and the Attorney General. In 1977 he became a Professor at the University of Chicago Law School. Antonin Scalia is now an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court. He took his oath in 1986 and is the first Italian-American Supreme Court Justice. He was part of President Ronald Reagan's effort to make the judiciary system more conservative. Mr. Scalia is very outspoken against racially based affirmative action programs and the ?Constitutional Right?

Your Ideal Reader

Your Ideal Reader Your Ideal Reader Your Ideal Reader By Ali Hale If you’re reading Daily Writing Tips, you’re probably a writer of some description. And being a writer means, in the vast majority of cases, that you have – or at least want to have – readers. So, have you thought about your Ideal Reader? What is an Ideal Reader? Your ideal reader is a construct designed to represent your audience. If you’re writing a blog about frugality and budgeting, your ideal reader might be a single mom in her thirties. Alternatively, your ideal reader could be a high school graduate heading off to college. For a short story writer, an ideal reader might be a woman working in a shop, flicking through short stories in her breaks or during quiet times of the day. Alternatively, a short story writer might envisage a very different ideal reader – perhaps an elderly male professor poring over the story in a hushed library, extracting every nuance. Why do I want an Ideal Reader? You might wonder what the point of creating an â€Å"ideal reader† is. Perhaps you think your audience is too diverse, and that there’s no way you could come up with one imaginary character to represent them. But having an ideal reader is well worth the effort, in terms of boosting your writing productivity: â€Å"Consider how much more quickly words flow when you’re writing an email to a friend versus creating a formal business presentation. When you have a specific recipient in mind, you have a much easier time communicating your ideas.† from Why Create An Ideal Reader? Do you ever find yourself struggling to get started an article, blog post, story or poem? Do you worry that the topic will bore your readers, or that your literary allusions will go over their heads? Having an ideal reader in mind makes it much easier to pitch your writing at the right level. Even if you don’t have an audience yet, you’ll still want to think about your ideal reader. When I was planning my new blog, Alpha Student, I put a good bit of thought into my ideal reader: a keen, intelligent, slightly shy, university student who isn’t really into the wilder aspects of student life. This really helped when focusing the blog and deciding on the tone of the articles (I’ve not written about drunken nights or peppered my advice with swear words, for instance!) Who is My Ideal Reader? If you’re writing for a specific publication, you’re in luck. Many magazines publish profiles for prospective advertisers, detailing the demographics of the magazine’s readership. Here in the UK, I find the IPC Media website very helpful for finding these details. For example, for Horse magazine, I’m told that the â€Å"target readers† are horse enthusiast women aged 20-40 from the ABC1 (middle/upper class) categories. This would be a good starting point for creating an ideal reader. â€Å"At a minimum I keep in mind the age and gender of the reader. For example, I sometimes do news articles for a small, local weekly newspaper. Since I live in the neighborhood, I know that we’re an incredibly diverse area, but that the readership of the paper tends to be older women. So that’s who I write for, keeping in mind the others, and occasionally working in some ethnic bits.† from Write for Your Ideal Reader If you’re writing fiction for a particular magazine, look at the advertisements, the editorial, and the letters from readers. This can give you a lot of clues about the gender, age, interests and social class of the ideal reader for that market. Even copywriters and marketers can create an ideal reader – often called an â€Å"ideal customer†. I took Sonia Simone’s excellent Content Class by email (it’s free), and her first lesson is â€Å"Write for One Customer†. She says: If your ideal customer is a little formal, write to her like youd send an email to your Great Aunt Susie. If hes casual, write like youd write to an old college buddy. (Its probably smart to keep it rated-G, though.) Over to You If you have a blog, novel, short story collection, article or any other writing project underway, stop and ask yourself – who am I writing for? Who’s my ideal reader? You can get as detailed about this as you like: try to make it a fun exercise. Give your ideal reader a name, a personality, interests, worries, a birthday. Then, every time you write, write for that one person. Why not tell us about your ideal reader in the comments? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageEmail EtiquetteWords Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

How to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)

How to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included) The healthcare industry is one of the hottest career paths around right now. As the baby boomer generation ages and people focus more on health and quality of life, the demand is growing for professionals in all corners of healthcare. If you’re already on that path as a physician assistant or looking for a career change, a great resume can be your best ally in finding the right job. Let’s look at sample resumes from three physician assistants who are at different places in their career. First up is Alex, who’s trying to get started as a physician assistant.download this resume in ms wordAlex doesn’t yet have a lot of experience to fall back on, so he wants to focus on his skills and training. The functional resume format works better for Alex than the traditional reverses)How to Write a Perfect Occupational Therapist ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Physician Assistant Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Receptionist Resume (Examples Included)How to Create a Perfect Retail ResumeHow to Write a Perfect Sales Associate Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Social Worker Resume (Examples Included)How to Write a Perfect Truck Driver Resume (With Examples)

Healthcare system reform Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Healthcare system reform - Essay Example The treatment should focus on relieving the symptoms experienced by the individual, and providing emotional and practical support to the family and carers (Abbey, 2006). Workforce, training and integration of services have been major barriers in the provision of quality end of life care. This has been recognized and general practice and specialist palliative care linkages with residential aged care facilities are being developed (Palliative Care Australia, 2008). The quality of life for individuals with life-limiting illness and their families could be improved by a palliative approach. The aim of palliative approach is to reduce suffering by early identification, assessment and treatment of individuals, with needs in areas such as pain, physical, cultural, psychological, social, and spiritual. The approach could be beneficial in reduction of individuals and families potential distress, by the provision of sufficient information to facilitate the decision making process. The approach is most effective when provided by a multidisciplinary team, and could be provided in a surrounding that the individual is familiar and comfortable in. Advance care planning requires systematic implementation, including communication between individuals, family and care givers. Educational programs for care team and individuals on a regular basis increase the probability of plans being completed and implemented. Comprehensive advance care plans should include re gular assessments and responding to changes in resident’s health (The National Palliative Care Program, 2006). Our vision for the provision of quality care at the end of life is to satisfy the needs of individuals, and commitment to necessary action for achievement of quality care. We plan a service delivery based on needs, supporting the individual’s appropriate choice of place for delivery of service, development of workforce including education and training, greater service integration for continuity of care,

History of islamic spreading worldwide PowerPoint Presentation

History of islamic spreading worldwide - PowerPoint Presentation Example Founded by Prophet Muhammad, the religion has spread over the centuries to cut across every society around the world. Historic Age Role of Politics in Spreading Islamic Religion By examining the Arab conquest in the early centuries, one is able to trace the history and the trends in spreading the Islamic faith around the globe. History shows that by 15th century Islamic religion had started spreading across the globe (Lockard 295). In these early days, political systems were instrumental in influencing religious activities. The Ottoman Empire was a regional power during this period. It had established as a multiethnic nation attracting traders from Africa, Europe, and other parts of Asia. When Muhammad conquered this city, the religion of the nation became Islamic. With the politics of the day bending towards the Islamic religion, Islam spread very fast. Moreover, every trader that visited the Ottoman Empire learned of the religion and subsequently spread the religion to their land. Political empires spearheaded the spread on the Islamic religion across the world. For instance, the Ottoman Empire expanded rapidly, conquering European countries such as Hungary. The political goodwill provided space for spreading Islamic religion to spaces where the Muslim pilgrims landed. As indicated, trade was an important factor that influenced the distribution or migration of people in the early times. Historians attribute the migration patterns to accommodative political dominions. Such dominions would enable the Muslim pilgrims to settle in a given region and spread the Islamic religion. The conquest of Arab in the 14 and 15th century did not only expand political interest into the conquered land, but also religious practices (Lockard 295). For instance, when the Ottoman Empire conquered some parts of Europe, this government allowed the Muslims to spread their religion to the conquered world. Notable, when the Muslim Empire Spain fell 15th century, some Muslim thought it w ould be the end of the Islamic religion in the western countries. The powerful Islamic state relied on their economic and political power to advance the spread of Islamic religion. Some of these states included Persia, Ottoman Empire, among others. The resurgence of Muslim states in India other parts of the world in 1500 was as result of the so-called social renewal. Largely, the social renewal is a term that describes the change in tact of spreading Islamic religion after the fall of the Ottoman Empire in Spain. The Muslim pilgrims detected the dangers associated with the fall of this empire, consequently developing new trends of spreading the Islamic religion to other parts of the world. Role of trade in spreading Islamic Religion Historians link cultural exchanges, language, ideas, and religion to the early Arabs trading activities with their neighbors Africa, European, and East. As the Arab merchants travelled to these destinations, they influenced the practices of the people th ey met in these continents, consequently leading to the establishment of the Islamic religion. Muslim traders alongside other traders could intermingle and share their religious practices freely. Historians attribute the spread of Islam beyond Mecca and the Arab countries to the trade. Traders could journey from southern Asia, Africa, Europe, and other parts of the world to buy merchandise from the Istanbul, the capital of the Ottoman E

Why Althetes Use Ste Roids Essay Example for Free

Why Althetes Use Ste Roids Essay There are two stories that we read that talked about Performance Enhancing Drugs. One was â€Å"Cheating and Cheating † by Joe Posnanski, the other was â€Å"We, the Public the Best Athletes on Pedestals† by William Moller. Both of these stories explain in great detail on how using these drugs are wrong and change any game you play but mostly baseball. Joe Posnanski talks about how in baseball around Babe Ruth’s era nobody had used steroids and they are now called the greatest players of all time including Babe, Ted Williams, Honus Wagner, and Mickey Mantle. Three of these players we on the Yankees. He explains how they didn’t need to use drugs to make their stats better. They worked day in and day out on becoming a better ball player. William Moller explains how A-rod used them because he taught he needed to be the best player in the game from the contract by the New York Yankees. He also explains how there are other was of cheating such as when he was in a school he used Ritalin to stay up and study for a test when he was already beginning his third straight all nighter. There are other drugs then this though. Such as what kids use in college called Adderall. This is the same goal as Ritalin. Except doesn’t have much side effects. This drug makes you focus more then you have ever done before. This is prescribed to people who have add. This can help people get a paper done is under an hour if they can type fast enough. Another side effect is that it is very addictive. You may want to use it the next day because of all the work you’ve done. This is not a drug but it can be counted from what it does. This is called Niacin, and its included into Vitamin B. This helps clear an athlete’s body from drugs. It doesn’t help as prescribed drugs, but it can still do the job. This makes it so athletes cannot be caught if they do take drugs. People need to realize that things like this are available for an athlete. Even though there is no possible way to take this out they need to find a way to see if they have taken this to help them pass the test. â€Å"The Mitchell Report† made a significant impact on the MLB. This report stated that when released in 07’ eighty-nine players were convicted in using steroids or drugs. Bud Selig came to George Mitchell in 06’ asking him to see who used illegal substances. In this report there were many very famous players including Barry Bonds, Jose Conseco, and Roger Clemens. He changed baseball for the better by doing this even though there is still illegal activity in this sport. A way Bud Selig the commissioner for the MLB has stopped this from happening is make players have a 50 game suspension. Well-known names are Manny Ramirez, Ryan Braun (who appealed later and was reversed), and also Melky Cabrera from the San Francisco Giants. He at that time was leading the league in Batting Average, and was a great player who brought the team down after what had happened. Some fans believe that players should use steroids so they can hit those 500-foot bombs, or steal as many bases they can get. They think that it shouldn’t matter because of how much they get paid for. But what they don’t know is what these drugs do to their body. Some athletes still want to have a family and live a normal life once they retire. But these drugs can affect them by not being able to produce for a family. Other fans believe that if players do these drugs then that hurts the sport, and doesn’t show how athletes really play. Records would be broken repeatedly, and the sport would lose fans left and right. They think they can get stronger and stay healthy like any other person does like eating well and lifting weights. A great question to ask is should athletes who used performance-enhancing drugs be allowed in the Hall of Fame? Jim Bunning states this in the us news article, â€Å"Major League Baseball must set an example so that children and young athletes dont see steroids as a way to get ahead of the competition. If a player is caught using banned substances in an effort to break records set by players who achieved them through honest hard work, I think those numbers should be expunged from the record books. There is no place for cheaters in the Hall of Fame.† This is a great statement because in a couple of years the â€Å"steroids era† is going to become eligible for voting. This year Mark McGuire was elected when he was an athlete who used steroids, and while Jeff Bagwell leads in careers HBP (Hit By Pitches) didn’t get accused once. People who had to vote on this ballot had to think about weather someone accused should be inducted. Another view of athletes who use steroids and other drugs could be gamblers. They could argue that a game was not fair because an athlete cheated. Which could cause a massive eruption due to so many athletes being accused. Think of how much an average bet is, could be around $100. So if there was 20 bets placed on one game that totals to $2000 on one game, and if someone cheats why should someone lose their money over it? Some athletes must use steroids though. Lance Armstrong battled cancer for multiple years. Without this drug he might of died and nobody would say he was the best cyclist in the world. They wouldn’t on been able to watch him over these years. But why should he be stripped of his accomplishments? In the Washington Post his attorney Robert Luskin says, â€Å"They don’t unilaterally have the authority because they didn’t award them,† also â€Å"an endless game of whack-a-mole.† why would someone want to take away something an athletes been working for their whole life while battling cancer? How does steroids even affect your body? Some male athletes might not be able to start a family after taking this drug. Also they can enlarge breasts and shrink testicles. It cant stunt your growth, loss of hair, and have oily skin and very bad acne. You can get a stroke or a heart attack at a very young age; have high blood pressure and also very high levels of bad cholesterol. My opinion is that if an athlete has a serious illness or injury there can take steroids to bring them back into action, or use any other drug that could help. But not when they are playing. Why would you want to risk what that does to your body to get an extra base or a hit? They need to learn that some things need to be achieved by doing hard work, and not by cheating yourself and getting ahead of many other players. There is to much risk of side effects then to help raise your chance at an extra salary. Play the game right and play it safe!

percolating paranoia :: essays research papers

Percolating Paranoia Fritz Lang's The Big Heat Fritz Lang brings the terrors of noir into the bright kitchens of America. Watch that coffee pot! BY H In Bright Lights 12 devoted to film noir, Gary Morris locates the malaise giving rise to the noir sensibility in the "mechanized, immoral, soul-destroying city."1 He defines the urban noir setting as attacking its characters’ chances for "hope, happiness, peace, complacency, and romance" (Morris 16). Although the attack may be related to the loss of a pastoral setting as Morris suggests, many film noir narratives locate those happy possibilities in the seemingly stable institution of the family, and can be read as ironic, hopeless searches for a humanized, moral, soul-restoring home. According to Sylvia Harvey, "the loss of those satisfactions normally obtained through the possession of a wife and the presence of a family" is one of the recurrent themes of film noir.2 Of course, the archetypal array of characters in film noir are not family members, but the hard-boiled, trench-coated detective; the beautiful, duplicitous, and greedy femme fatale w ith a revolver shoved deep into the pocket of her fur coat; and a fascinating complement of criminals ranging from sleazy and violent hoodlums to their glib and urbane bosses. The film noir narrative, with its aura of paranoia accentuated by nontraditional lighting and mise en scene, usually plays out not in the brightly lit kitchen or living room of a comfortable home but at night in dimly lit back streets glistening with rain or shadowy stairwells filled with looming shadows. Through a careful reading of a noir text that presents both the typical film noir mise en scene and various familial images, a sense of film noir’s complicated relationship to the family develops. The Big Heat (1953), directed by Fritz Lang, represents family life as a sham, as a relationship of convenience, as perverse, and finally as so fragile and threatened that even an icon of domesticity becomes a weapon. In The Big Heat, violence and criminality contaminate a small city, controlling elections and the police, as well as threatening familial institutions. The cast of characters I have identified as archetypal of film noir narratives is present, but, in keeping with many such films of the ‘50s, they have moved out of the shadowy stairwells and back alleys to occupy well-furnished homes and luxurious estates. Much of the violence occurs offscreen — in the diegesis of the film, occurring no doubt in the old haunts of film noir.

Joseph Heller

In his 1961 piece, Joseph Heller in a subtle way brings an exclusive attention of the readers to the experiences of the world wars to the soldiers. Heller uses the Second World War and John Yossarian, the protagonist as case studies in this milieu. The story transmitted in a third person narrative illuminates the experiences that make Yossarian afraid to continue serving as a soldier. It remains an enlightening piece that divulges the inner spirit of a soldier when masked with fear, more so having seen his or her colleagues die dreadfully. As the narration commences, the story is told within the hospital buildings where Yossarian is hospitalized. The doctors examining him are puzzled with his condition, which means that he would be pretending. They make a determination that if he would be jaundiced, they would treat him, but if not, they discharge him. Explicitly, Yossarian is faking sickness, but in an intelligent manner. It seems that in his mind, the hospital is safe to take solace since liver problems take time to treat. Nurse Duckett signs a note to give him some pills, but interestingly, the liver pain had healed, yet no doctor realized it. Yossarian is the center of the story and everything is deflected from his perspective. Innately, he is determined to remain safe at all times. However, the story is not told in a chronological order, and therefore, the readers must collect all the jaunts together to comprehend what it all implies. It uses flashbacks and presages to depict what happens. For instance, Yossarian is troubled with the memories of Snowden case where a soldier was killed awfully, and as a result, he has lost the aspiration to continue participating in the war. He is more perturbed and feels weak, something that happens with many soldiers on the battlefield. The same applies to other characters such as Dunbar who similarly stay with him in the ward. He wants to stay longer in the hospital by engaging in various boring activities to pass time. Indeed, the hospital setting has become a better place for them. Yossarian has made up his mind to remain in the hospital for the remaining time of the war, and writes a letter to different people known to him, but never tells them the reasons. Having realized that being insane can work for him, he pretends to be insane in order to be discharged from the military service. He is surprised that by claiming that he is insane is a proof that he is actually sane. The readers can see the way a soldier suffers emotionally in the military camp, even if expected to be strong.In conclusion, the story portrays the diverse points of views that the readers can relate to. It gives a pointer to the minds of the characters that depict the inner world of a soldier. It carries the audience with mixed reactions while interacting with the events. Certain events are funny, while others elicit pity. Yossarian is shaken by the storms of the experiences of the war and uses numerous tactics to get himself out of the military service. For instance, he fakes his prolonged stay in the hospital. When he also tries to pretend to be insane, he is openly caught. Rightly, the story compels the readers to see much inside a soldier's heart than just what is seen from outside.

Favorite Restuarant

My Favorite Restaurant Every year for my birthday we go out as a family to my favorite restaurant, Benihana! For those of you that are ready to have a good time with family or friends this place is definitely the place to go, but it is best to book a reservation ahead of time it isn’t a secret to society. Benihana is an all-time favorite restaurant of mine, with great location, unforgettable entertainment and an excellent menu choice. Benihana is an all-time favorite restaurant of mine because it is located in the heart of downtown, in the midst of all the city lights and city life.When we go to Benihana we park around the block and get a horse & carriage to take us to the door. Parking is free the carriage is extra. This is an excellent idea for any special occasion or just a date night on the town. The location is convenient to any of the major freeways (I-45, I-10 and 59). Aside from the location, Benihana is an excellent place to go for a fun filled night of entertainment. I can assure anyone that after an experience at the original Benihana it will be easy to see why I am declaring it to be my favorite restaurant.Benihana has unforgettable entertainment from the moment you walk in. Walking into the restaurant the guest will be greeted by the amazing aroma of some of the best food, laughter and fun for all! The server will take drink orders from each guest and when they come to bring the drink orders, the fun decorated souvenir glass starts out as a unique conversational piece, as the cook prepares the table for even more unforgettable entertainment. At Benihana the food is not only cooked it's choreographed.The chefs will have you craving for more as they slice and dice and chop your meal before your eyes, very skilled and trained, in the art of entertainment or â€Å"eater-tainment† as they call it themselves. Each table’s personal chef will perform a uniquely amazing presentation as they cook each guest personal favorites. Everything is cooked right in front of the guest on a Japanese style on a hibachi table. The best entertainment is the entertainment your taste buds get from the outstanding menu.The menu has anything from sushi to steak. Everything is fresh no frozen, no canned, no additives! Each guest will be brought a hot towel to clean their hands. Then served a hot onion soup, as well a huge favorite to many; the salad with the Benihana dressing over the top! You can use chop sticks or the regular silver ware, it’s fun to learn how to use chop sticks, and in case you may not know how to use them, the server will be glad to give quick, fun lessons!One of my personal favorite items from the menu is the â€Å"Sea and Meadow† or better known as steak and shrimp, is served to perfection with vegies, fried rice and sauteed bean sprouts over extra more shrimp. Anything from the menu is to die for and all ranges in price from $10. 75-19. 95 not bad for steak, chicken, and shrimp, or lobster and sc allops. Don’t forget to order dessert from the menu, maybe a tempura banana or rainbow sherbet. After dessert the guest have had the most memorable night in a while entertained and full to the brim.For those looking for a new favorite restaurant I would recommend Benihana or even if you are just looking for something outside the norm, or maybe a special someone is having a birthday or anniversary, this is definitely a restaurant that will leave the guest wanting to come back time and time again. Benihana is conveniently located in the heart of downtown, it’s full of surprises, and extreme diner entertainment and everything on the menu is delicious and healthy! Book your reservations and enjoy the experience that will leave a lasting memory and bring home some uniquely designed souvenir cups.

Critically analyse and apply the theory underpinning one intervention with a dually diagnosed client. Contrasting this intervention with other techniques. The WritePass Journal

Critically analyse and apply the theory underpinning one intervention with a dually diagnosed client. Contrasting this intervention with other techniques. Conclusion Critically analyse and apply the theory underpinning one intervention with a dually diagnosed client. Contrasting this intervention with other techniques. IntroductionAn introduction to C-Bit Achievable Goal setting Behavioural ExperimentsEstablishing supportive social networksLimitations of its useAlternative approachesMotivational interviewingConclusionRelated Introduction Dual diagnosis has been described as one of the most significant problems facing the health services (Phillips et al 2010). The term was first used in America in the 1980s and in its most basic elements describes someone who has a combination of a mental illness and substance misuse problem.   Dually diagnosed patients are often frequent users of emergency services and of in-patient care (Bartels et al 1993). There is also a much higher rate of offending and imprisonment amongst this group (Yesavage and Zarcone 1983 cited in Menezes et al (1996). Yesvage and Zarcone cited in Menezes (1996) believe that alcohol and drug misuse interact with the symptoms of psychotic illness to produce a more severe acute illness.   Due to the complication of treatment approach recovery is often slower than a psychotic episode uncomplicated by substance abuse.   This places a great burden on resources and staff (Drake et al 1993), which is corroborated by the London survey   (Menezes et al 1996 ) discovering on average that this group of patients spends almost twice as much time in hospital than those without a substance misuse problem. Clients with the most severe psychiatric disorders tend to have the highest rates of co-occurring substance use disorders (Drake 2007). It has been well documented that the co-existence of severe mental health and substance misuse problems are common (Regier et al 1990; Krausz et al 1996; Menezes et al 1996 cited in Graham 2003). Prevalence figures vary across studies however the latest study by Weldon and Ritchie (2010) estimate the lifetime prevalence rate of substance abuse amongst persons with severe mental illness at 50%, which is 4.6 times higher than that of the general population (Blanchard et al 2000). One of the challenges of mental health providers is how best to meet the needs of this group of clients (Graham 2003). The most recent government guidance is one of integrated treatment whereby the treatment for drug and alcohol problems are provided primarily within mental health services, integrating this with the treatment of mental health problems   (DoH 2002). This is to be provided by one team and involves a flexible combination of treatments targeting the specific needs of those diagnosed with co-morbid severe mental illness and substance misuse (Horsfall 2009). Researchers and clinicians have developed a number of interventions that combine, or integrate mental health and substance abuse interventions (Drake et al 2007). An example of one element of   integrated treatment is Cognitive- Behavioural Integrated Treatment (Graham and Carnwath 2004). C-bit incorporates an integrated approach with personalised formulation to deliver improved treatment outcomes to dual diagnosis patients. The focus of this essay will be on the use of C-bit (Graham and Carnwath 2004) and its application with a client who has been has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and alcohol problems. For the purpose of this essay and confidentiality his name has been changed to David. C-bit can be split into 4 distinct phases, Engagement and Building motivation, Negotiating some behaviour change, Early relapse prevention Relapse management. The essay will concentrate on negotiating behavioural change and what this entails. The author will then compare its effectiveness with an alternative approach. An introduction to C-Bit Hermine Graham (2004) describes C-bit as a psychological multi-purpose tool designed specifically for people with both a mental illness and a problematic substance misuse.   It was developed from CBT which had a strong evidence base for mental health (Grant et al 2004) and substance use problems (Conrod and Stewart 2005).   The evidence base of CBIT in dual diagnosis remains poor as studies have tended to focus on engagement and building motivation as appose to the maintenance of change that CBIT encompasses (Callaghan and Jones 2010). However early studies would suggest that the skilful use of analysis, disputing cognitions and homework assignments improve the skills required to promote abstinence including self-efficacy in finding, establishing and maintaining appropriate support networks (Rassool 2002). CBIT follows the cognitive model and treatment approach (Graham 1998, 2003). A clients beliefs about substance misuse are often linked to their own experience of mental health problems. David would often say in therapy that the side effects of his anti-psychotic medication made him feel over sedated and this had a knock on effect in social situations. He found that alcohol improved this and allowed him to integrate better in social situations. By continuing to use alcohol it was maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. Graham (2004) identifies three key aims of CBIT with dual diagnosis patients. The first concentrates on client and therapist identifying and challenging unrealistic beliefs about substance misuse and substituting them with alternatives that aim to break negative maintenance cycles. The second facilitates an understanding of the link between substance misuse and mental health problems and thirdly CBIT aims to give the client the ability to self-manage substance misuse and recognise the early signs of relapse.   Although there are 4 distinct steps in treatment approach the flexibility of the treatment means a client does not need to progress through them all. The harm reduction philosophy that underpins the intervention (Heather et al 1993) puts more emphasis on a client setting more realistic goals and achieving these. Although flexibility is a key asset of CBIT it would be wrong to assume there was no structure to therapy sessions. In later sessions especially, before commencing a session client and therapist must set an agenda to discuss which ensures key areas are discussed (Graham 2004). In practice, teams trained in the use of CBIT tend to use the general principle of the approach rather than the distinct components or techniques (Graham et al 2006). The author believes this shows the flexibility of the therapy and therapists and clients find what proves useful to them . Graham et al (2006) also discovered that when trained members of the team used various assets of CBIT, engagement increased, alcohol intake was reduced and a reduction in alcohol-related beliefs. The study however noticed similar findings when the client had been seen by teams that had not yet received CBIT training suggesting that CBIT alone was not responsible for the change in behaviour and belief. However, qualitative information recorded from the teams’ staff suggested that treatment integration increased over the course of the study, and that CBIT was a useful tool for integrating planning substance misuse treatment. Qualitative information from the team managers suggested that CBIT tr aining improved the ability of teams to address substance use by themselves, rather than avoiding substance issues referring clients to specialists. Achievable Goal setting Following treatment phase one the client will be able to identify some of the negative effects of substance misuse. David could recognise the negative effect that alcohol use had on his ability to find any form of employment and how he had no real supportive social network besides ‘drinking companions’. Graham (2004) highlights that in treatment phase two it is probably too early for a client to consider complete abstinence. David was beginning to make links with the amount he drank and the negative effects he was having. Due to this he negotiated with the therapist that he would reduce his alcohol input by stopping all spirits but remaining on his strong lager. This follows the harm reduction philosophy that there are several levels in which change can occur that would reduce the negative impact it causes to the client. David identified his long-term goal as eventually getting some form of employment. Following treatment phase one David was able to see the impact excess ive impact alcohol was having on his ability to make appointments on time (if at all), and how this would have a negative effect on any chance of employment. Graham (2004) suggests that for a client to get to this long-term goal a series of short term harm reducing steps need to be identified by the client in therapy that will in-turn have a positive impact upon his life. David had already agreed to stop drinking spirits but further steps included reducing contact with fellow drinkers, attending all appointments on time, getting his body back into a work routine. These steps would move David closer to the eventual long term goal and give him the belief that this was achievable. The therapist found that the use of the recovery star was a useful tool with aiding the client identify and plan how to achieve these goals. The recovery star helps both client and therapist measure change and visually see progress made. At times when David struggled to achieve goals it provided an opportunit y for discussion on how to change the approach. David found the tool useful in between sessions where he could refer back to past successes to give him the confidence to continue.   On reflective sessions what proved important for David was to identify and discuss possible obstacles that he may experience in trying to achieve his goals and to recognise that if things do not go as planned it should not be automatically assumed to be a failure. Simmons and Griffith (2009) believe that there is never a failure but an opportunity to learn and do things differently. Behavioural Experiments By treatment phase two of CBIT the client will have identified an unhelpful thought, the nature of which will be maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. David had begun to plan harm reduction goals to reduce the negative aspects of his substance misuse however there was clearly some situations he was avoiding, and some underlying maladaptive thoughts there were perpetuating his problems. To address this the therapist and David discussed and designed a Behavioural Experiment. Beck (1995) believes that BEs   strengthen an intellectual belief by helping the client test out alternative beliefs and thoughts in practice in order to gain evidence to discover the validity of a belief . Beck (1979) believed through altering behaviour a cognitive change occurs. BEs are significant as a means of explicitly targeting belief change through experience and as such offer prime opportunities for sustained therapeutic change (Padesky 2004). David held the belief that if he did not drink alcohol he would appear boring and no-one would have any time for him. For this reason when David was going to be in the company of anyone he would drink excessively, therefore getting intoxicated became a safety behaviour.   By allowing a client to see what will happen if they drop safety behaviour and then testing out what actually happens in that situation proves to be a powerful challenge to unhelpful assumptions (Whitfield and Davidson 2007).   Sloan and Telch (2002) support this view adding that experiments target safety behaviours result in significantly greater changes than exposure alone. Safety behaviour may seem helpful and protective to a client but can lead to maintenance cycles of maladaptive processes perpetuating the initial belief. If a threat is not disconfirmed the maladaptive cognition continues (Salkovskis 1991, Sloan and Telch 2000, Clark 1989, Salkovski et al 1998). The notion of experimentation, derived from scientific principles, can be applied to the patient†™s experience of the therapeutic process and it is this active experience which can be so meaningful; the validity of a new cognition being generally more memorable when followed through from conceptualisation to active experience (Westbrook 2007). Once the evidence contradicts the initial belief it allows the client and therapist to explore the validity of new more adaptive beliefs (Westbrook et al 2007). David and the therapist designed an experiment in which he would limit his alcohol approach and would then engage in general conversation in his local pub. Initial experiments gave David the confidence to build on further experiment supporting the work of Bennett-levy (2004) who believe early experiments increase confidence and independence BEs can be active, where the patient takes the lead role in either real or simulated situations to test the validity of thoughts, or observational, where data is gathered. Lewin and Kolb propose a learning cycle in which it suggests that for learning and retention to be enhanced the client must build upon knowledge and understanding gained through the experiment which in turn forms a foundation for the next step of the experiment. (Lewin 1946; Kolb 1984). The five key aspects of this learning cycle, Experience, Observation, Reflection, Planning and then further experiment underpins BE work. Establishing supportive social networks In the field of substance misuse social factors are seen as important in the onset, aetiology and maintenance of substance misuse (Graham 2004). David recognised that as his alcohol intake increased the friends he associated with were also using alcohol regularly. This supports the work of Drake (2004) who identified that clients with both severe mental health problems and substance misuse problems would have social networks of solely fellow substance users. David felt increasingly isolated from anyone outside of this network as his behaviour would draw attention towards himself. Trumbetta et al (1999) suggest that for anyone to make changes in substance misuse they need to reduce contact with such peers. Healthier networks need to be formed which provide positive support where there is excessive substance misuse is not the norm (Drake 1993a). David identified his sister as someone who was willing to and who he would like as a supportive person away from mental health services. In cr isis David could contact his sister who could give him some level of support. Graham (2004) emphasises the importance of working closely with family members as they often know very little about dual diagnosis problems. David was only close with his sister. The rest of his family had isolated him due to his substance misuse. Ideally psycho-education information is often given in the group setting as family members may benefit from the experience and support of fellow members (Graham 2004). David’s sister became a key figure in David’s recovery and was encouraged to attend sessions on psycoeducation so she could best understand the problems associated with dual diagnosis clients and how best she could support David. Limitations of its use Prochaska and DiClemente (1992) recognised certain barriers to treatment for dual diagnosis patients in regards to therapeutic engagement, treatment continuance and goal setting. In the case of CBIT it makes assumptions of a certain level of coping skills and ability to facilitate cognitive change. Symptoms of schizophrenia can inhibit a client’s impetus to change behaviour (Horsfall et al 2009). Negative symptoms which have a negative effect on motivation and energy affects individuals internal drive to initiate the complex behavioural routines needed for abstinence (Ballack and DiClemente 1999). An integrated treatment approach incorporating CBIT does not make dramatic changes in the short term, it is a long term therapy. Evidence based studies are always plagued by attrition rates as clients relapse or do not return to the study. This may suggest that CBIT may suffer from the same poor treatment compliance/attendance. For clients who complete a full programme of treatment 1 0-20 per cent achieves a stable remission of their substance use problems per year (Graham 2004). This seems a low figure for the intensive input required on the part of the therapist and client. Bellack and Gearon (1998) believe the therapist must become tolerant of this client group dropping in and out of therapy and abstaining then relapsing. David’s attendance was at times sporadic but the therapist never criticised him for this but used it as a platform for discussing problems experienced through the week. Drake et al (2001) suggests the importance of assertive outreach teams in retaining clients within programmes. Hellerstein et al (1995) cited in Philips et al (2010) highlight that without this input dropout rates may be high, especially amongst those identified as having difficulties participating in treatment. Alternative approaches The evidence base for dual diagnosis is still in its infancy.   Those studies completed have limited generalisation due to methodological issues such as heterogeneous samples, equivocal descriptions of treatment components and high attrition rates (Weldon and Richie 2010). Horsfall et al (2009) recognises that due to a lack of longitudinal studies long term outcomes have yet to be determined. It also proves difficult to compare C-Bit with alternative interventions as C-Bit is not used in a vacuum it is often used in conjunction with other therapies such as pharmaceuticals of motivational interviewing. Kemp et al (2007) found a significant improvement in substance use in dual diagnosis patients when CBT and MI principle were combined. For the purpose of this essay the author will briefly look at one main alternative approach to dual diagnosis, that of motivational interviewing. Motivational interviewing Treasure (2004) describes MI as a patient centred counselling approach that facilitates the patient in resolve and explore ambivalence about behaviour change. The theory of MI centres on the cycle of change and its six components,   precontemplation, contemplation, decision, action, maintenance of change and relapse. Miller and Rollnick (1994) describes motivation as something that one does as appose to something that one has. Empathy is vital in the therapeutic relationship and the use of MI. If the client believes the therapist has no appreciation of their experience they are likely to dis-engage or not fully commit to therapy. Rassool (2002) believes active listening also has an important role in MI. Reflecting back to the client their thoughts, fears, hopes and doubts give a feeling of genuineness, trust and empathy. In MI it is important not to offer advice , give judgement or attempt to question. The reason for behavioural change should be acknowledged and stated by the clien t. MI proves an effective therapy in dual diagnosis if delivered effectively. The therapist needs to avoid confrontation as this will lead to client denial, the role of the therapist as expert proves counter-productive and structured answer formats will inhibit the client in recognising the effects of their substance misuse. Motivational styles that guide a client in discovering alternative ways of thinking about their problems results in positive change (Miller and Rollnick 1991). By combining elements of style and technique MI has proven successful in dual diagnosis patients and has a developing evidence base. It proves difficult to contrast MI with CBIT as both complement each other so well and have similar approaches. Both are based on a collaborative relationship with clients, both incorporate a non-judgemental approach and both are approaches are built on empathy, warmth, trust and positive regard (Rogers, 1991). Both approaches also incorporate socratic questioning techniques encouraging the client to discover alternative meanings of their experience (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). One of the key differences is when it is best to use either technique. Those following a transtheoretical model of change may use MI when the client remains undecided about change in the precontemplation and contemplation stage whereas CBIT can be adopted when the client is more committed to change (Treasure 2004). This would support the work of Drake et al (2001) who after studying the work of a number of researchers believe that to enhance attendance and utilisation of treatment motivation interventions a re important. Conclusion    The research on the impact of CBIT as a therapeutic intervention is still in its infancy. Some anecdotal evidence would suggest it provides the skills necessary to promote abstinence (Rassool 2002). Qualitative information gained from Grahams (2006) study suggests CBIT proved a useful tool for integrating and planning substance misuse. Due to the complex nature of dual diagnosis it seems unlikely that a single intervention will have the desired effect of meeting all the clients’ needs. Kemp (2007) supports this finding an improvement in substance misuse when MI and CBIT were combined. Due to this there has been a shift towards the integration of interventions delivered by mainstream mental health services (DOH 2002, 2006;Rassool 2002; Ziedonis et al. 2005). Some of the strongest treatment effects have come from combining a number of approaches (Barrowclough et al 2001).

Definition and Examples of Narration

Definition and Examples of Narration In writing or speech, narration is the process of recounting a sequence of events, real or imagined. Its also called  storytelling. Aristotles term for  narration was  prothesis. The person who recounts the events is called a narrator. Stories can have reliable or unreliable narrators. For example, if a story is being told by someone insane, lying, or deluded, such as in Edgar Allen Poes The Tell-Tale Heart, that narrator would be deemed unreliable. The account itself is called a narrative.  The perspective from which a speaker or writer recounts a narrative is called a point of view. Types of point of view include first person, which uses I and follows the thoughts of one person or just one at a time, and third person, which can be limited to one person or can show the thoughts of all the characters, called the omniscient third person. Narration is the base of the story, the text thats not dialogue or quoted material. Uses in Types of Prose Writing Its used in fiction and nonfiction alike. There are two forms:  simple narrative, which recites events  chronologically, as in a newspaper account; note William Harmon and Hugh Holman in A Handbook to Literature, and  narrative with  plot, which is less often chronological and more often arranged according to a principle determined by the nature of the plot and the type of story intended. It is conventionally said that  narration  deals with time,  description  with space. Cicero, however, finds three forms in De Inventione, as explained by Joseph Colavito in Narratio: The first type focuses on the case and...the reason for dispute (1.19.27). A second type contains a  digression...for the purpose of attacking somebody,...making a  comparison,...amusing the  audience,...or for  amplification (1.19.27). The last type of narrative serves a different end- amusement  and training- and it can concern either events or persons (1.19.27). (In Encyclopedia of Rhetoric and Composition: Communication from Ancient Times to the Information Age, ed. by Theresa Enos. Taylor Francis, 1996) Narration isnt just in literature, literary nonfiction, or academic studies, though. It also comes into play in writing in the workplace, as Barbara Fine Clouse wrote in Patterns for a Purpose: Police officers write crime reports, and insurance investigators write accident reports, both of which narrate sequences of events. Physical therapists and nurses write narrative accounts of their patients progress, and teachers narrate events for disciplinary reports. Supervisors write narrative accounts of employees actions for individual personnel files, and company officials use narration to report on the companys performance during the fiscal year for its stockholders. Even  jokes, fables, fairy tales, short stories, plays, novels, and other forms of literature are narrative if they tell a story, notes  Lynn Z. Bloom in The Essay Connection. Examples of Narration For examples of different styles of narration, check out the following: ​The Battle of the Ants  by Henry David Thoreau  (first person, nonfiction)The Holy Night by Selma Lagerlà ¶f  (first person and third person, fiction)Street Haunting  by Virginia Woolf  (first person plural and third person, omniscient narrator, nonfiction)

Lloyds Bank Building and the Northern Rock Building Essay

Lloyds Bank Building and the Northern Rock Building - Essay Example The pillars have connotations of classical antiquity, while the carvings are reminiscent of an age when craftsmanship was valued and used as a demonstration of wealth and success. Ordinary buildings like homes and shops did not have these features, and they were reserved for the aristocracy and for civic buildings, imparting an air of authority and â€Å"establishment†. This is the origin of the rather conservative cultural meaning that the building conveys (Rotenberg, 1993).   Quite apart from these historic features of the Lloyds bank building, there are also distinctive visual elements which convey meanings to the observer. The building is taller than it is broad, which suggests a towering presence that dwarfs the viewer. The implication is that the bank is both strong and dominant, providing a stable, if somewhat stern, or even forbidding presence on the high street. The rather narrow door is brought slightly forward of the main building and set to the left, with a series of steps leading up to it. This suggests that entry to the bank is a privilege granted only to those who are worthy to climb the steps and enter its narrow frame. The entrance is dark and reveals nothing of the interior. This increases the mystery of the institution for the uninitiated, and the feeling of privilege for insiders, and this illustrates the contested nature of meaning when it comes to architectural spaces (Gieryn, 2000).   The bank’s name is positioned in modestly proportioned uppercase letters above the door as if to emphasize the act of entering this special portal. There is no distraction or adornment to the name, which is allowed to stand as the main advertising feature of the whole building.

The management of change in Hampton Roads Sanitation District Essay

The management of change in Hampton Roads Sanitation District - Essay Example Organization Development (OD) is one of the chief concepts that relates to the organizational change management. It can come under definition as â€Å"Organization development is a system-wide application of behavioral science knowledge to the planned development and reinforcement of organizational strategies, structures, and processes for improving an organization's effectiveness† (Boonstra, 2004). In other words, enterprises implement the process of organization development through proper and careful planning in order to improve and benefit their business processes, functions, employees and other stakeholders (Cummings & Worley, 2008). The process of improvement through organization development can be for either the entire organization and its processes or a smaller portion of the enterprise. This process starts from collecting the information and identification of the problems/concerns in order to create an understanding about the existing state of affairs of the organization. An appropriate solution, strategy, or guiding principle comes under establishment based on the recognized opportunities for change (McLean, 2005). The organizations focus and give emphasis to productivity, profitability, and quality of work since the company’s accomplishments and success lies behind these factors. Due to this reason, organizations are now investing maximally on their employees, as this has become an escalating trend in the contemporary business environment. (Jones  & Brazzel &  NTL Institute for Applied Behavioral Science, 2006). Likewise, the attitudes of the employees have also changed as they work to get a feeling of accomplishment and recognition. In the same way, the customers are also demanding quality products or services, fast delivery, competitive prices and other attributes compatible to innovation and complex environment that add the worth of the product. With all these aspects of organization, employees, and the customers, the importance of organization development or an organization has augmented, as the efficient organization wants to meet the current and future challenges in order to s urvive and sustain (Kondalkar, 2009). Several organizations have already experienced and still in the process of undergoing the organization development and change process. Amongst numerous enterprises, Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) is one of the organizations that have undergone the process of organization development. Company Background Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD) is an organization with more than 650 employees at the wastewater utility with a huge customer base where the billing system is direct to the customers without involving any third party. HRSD is a regionally based organization in Virginia that supplies to several cities, counties and military facilities in the region of southeast of Virginia. Moreover, HRSD supplies the facility to an area that comes under the population of more than 1.5 million natives. The utility operates on a system with various major and few smaller treatment plants where it treats and transports

Interview on understanding and evaluating effectively another's Assignment

Interview on understanding and evaluating effectively another's beliefs - Assignment Example The interview was conducted with the intention to comprehend as well as to evaluate his belief in context to some of the mostly debated philosophical questions often discussed within my circle of friends. I correspondingly determined the philosophical domain for the interview, with regard to evaluating the responses of the interviewee, to be truth/logic. The interview was conducted in a coffee shop because the place would be neutral for me as an interviewer and my friend as an interviewee. I put considerable significance to ensure that the interview was conducted in the morning, as it would be the time when the interviewee was in a fresh state of mind, which would further ensure reliable responses. The discussion of the interview was more in casual way than formal. This further ensured that the interviewee does not hesitate while responding to the questions asked and could respond freely. Moreover, it would also be vital to mention that the interview was conducted following both verb al and non-verbal communication. This ensured that both the interviewer and the interviewee could get a comprehensive understanding about each other’s questions and responses. Correspondingly, the questions I asked and the responses I could obtain from the interviewee have been provided hereunder. Q.1. Interviewer- What life means to you? Interviewee- For me, the meaning of life is what one gives to him/her own-self. For me, the meaning of life is setting goals for myself and achieving the same, maintaining relationships in a responsible manner and living with principles. Q.2. Interviewer- Is there life after death? Interviewee- Nothing in this world is immortal. Even scientists say that universe once created, will also end at a certain point of time. So, I believe that if our life has been created and if we are mortal, life will end after death. Q.3. Interviewee- If God is present, why do we suffer? Interviewer- I believe, in order to appreciate the good, we need to face the evil or the challenges. So, God ensures certain sufferings for us in order to make us realize about the importance of being good. Q.4. Interviewer- How do you decide between what is right and what is wrong? Interviewee- I believe what is right or wrong to me might not be the same for the others. I believe I decide on right or wrong on the basis of morality rather than logic. (West Minister Collage, 2013; Klempner, 2003) 2.0. Analysis and Evaluation The above responses of the interviewee clearly depict certain aspects of his beliefs regarding some of the commonly argued upon philosophical questions. The first response of the interviewee, with regard to the question of meaning of life, clearly depicts his views related to his perceptions towards leading a prosperous life. He depicted that meaning of life is similar to what one sets for him/her. This particular belief revealed through his response correlates with the ‘science of reasoning’ in truth/logic. The interviewee also portrayed his objectives and goals in life and his inclination to live with principles, as the ultimate meaning of living. This statement clearly depicts his ‘law of thought’ about life. In this regard, he presented that there is no true or false way of leading a life; rather, it is just what one believes to be appropriate for him/her (Cowan and Spiegel, 2009). The response of the interviewee with the regard to the question of life after death, the interviewee was observed to be thinking straight forwardly about the scenario. His response to

FTA of Main Landing Gear Systems

FTA of Main Landing Gear Systems FTA OF MAIN LANDING GEAR SYSTEMS Main Landing Gear System For any aircraft landing gear is the undercarriage which support the craft when it’s not flying, until it to take off and during landing. Landing gear hold net weight of whole aircraft during taxing without any damage. Fig: A380 main landing gear configuration Components of landing gear The materials used to construct gear components are of great importance and are selected as per their properties The main components of landing gear are: Down-lock and drag brace Retraction actuators, Rotational actuators Trunnion Forward trunnion braces Metering pin extension Rotational Lockpins Aft braces Oleo cylinder Oleo piston Axle beam fold and compensation actuator Brake assembly Tires and wheels Sensing wheel Axle beam assembly Failure of lading gear In this part we discussed about the Ductile and Brittle Failure, Stress Corrosion Cracking, Stress Rapture, Fatigue Cracking Failure Dynamic Failure, Landing gear Spring Failure and Wheel Failure. We analyzed these possible problem and construct suitable fault tree analysis in order to identify failure condition in brief. The objective of constructing the fault tree is to investigate and analyze the possible failures and different components and systems of the landing gear with their consequences and solutions. In the case of mechanical failures: There are 12 types of failures Excessive, deflection , thermal shock, impact creep, relaxation, brittle fracture, ductile fracture, wear, spring, failure, corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and various type of fatigue. On the basis of this problem that can occurs in main landing gear we construct the fault tree to identify the failure condition and met the requirements. Materials for landing gear The materials used for the landing gear are High strength steel Titanium Aluminum Failure mechanism of landing gear Fatigue cracking failure Mostly aircrafts and military experience serious damage and the fatigue. Stress corrosion cracking This SCC is caused by synergy between a corrosive environment and a mechanical tensile stree Dynamic failure When aircraft land on the ground tricycle landing gear and load affected by the ground/pavement response are distributed on the and can cause problem. Landing gear spring failure Here micro cracks acted as stress concentration as well initiation crack site leading the spring to fracture due to fatigue Wheel failure During landing wheel experienced a lot of pressure. Due to this over pressure that could damage 4.2 The fault tree of typical main landing gear system: The main purpose of constructing fault tree is, in order to identify the possible failure of any system which can occurs in any manner. In case of main landing gear, fault tree can be construct on the basis of two main conditions: Fault tree analysis for failure condition 511: one or both MLG fail to extend and down lock with false down and locked indication. Fault tree analysis for failure condition 511: one or both MLG fail to extend and down lock. Between these two failure conditions of main landing gear, I choose to analyzed fault tree analysis for failure comdititon511: one or both MLG fail to extend and down lock with false down and locked indication. The analysis based on fault tree My main object of constructing this fault tree is to identify the typical failure condition of main landing gear in order to save aircraft from it’s hazardous failure As we need to take safety procedure for every parts of aircraft, landing gear is also aspect which cause aircraft in a dangerous mode So in order to overcome this failure of landing gear and for the safety of aircraft, I finally decide and came to know the purpose of failing landing gear and what can be the cause for this. With the help of fault tree analysis, we analyzed the each and every problem inside the landing gear and try to overcome by constructing fault tree In case of LH or RH or both MLG fail to extend and down lock with false down and locked indication, pilot receive alert. So while construction fault tree we take as a main event by using event symbol as shown in fault tree. After we decided main event than we analyzed for the cause of it by using the Boolean symbol called AND gate. We use AND gate so that we could analyze all next true lower level condition which can possibly occur. Possible cause of man landing gear are false LG down position indication and LH or RH MLG fail to extend and down lock. Still there are some cause to fail these two components, which we will define by Boolean logic symbol call OR gate. The purpose of OR gate is to identify among of various possible problem if any of one or more of the next lower level event are true for failure of above condition. In fault tree analysis we solved the problem and come to the conclusion with what if, and with the help of various Boolean logic symbols. The main event that I mention in the top is not only the problem that cause landing gear to fail but also the lower level parameters which fails landing gear fails. When we look from external and if landing gear is not extend during landing than we conclude that the landing gear doesn’t work. But besides engineer who work in the field of safety assessment, other observer will just guess just the landing gear fail. We never thought of what cause the landing gear fails. As per landing gear consists various components so the probability of failure also high. If small components for example spring fails, than the landing gear fail.so in order to overcome these all possible failure fault tree is constructed. Among of various symbols and representation, AND and OR gate plays vital role to make all possible decision for failure. Determination of minimal cut set for fault tree analysis Minimal cut set is define as a combination of primary events sufficient for the top event, on other words intersection of primary event. The main objective of representing a fault tree in terms of various Boolean equations is that these equations can then be used to determine the fault tree’s minimal cut sets and minimal path sets. While we obtain the minimal cut set, the quantification of the fault tree is more or less straightforward. For every fault tree will consists of finite number of minimal cut sets that are unique for that event. There are two kind of minimal cut sets which can occurs the top event to occur. One components minimal cut sets, if there are any, represent those single failures that will cause the top event to occur. Whereas two-components minimal cut sets represents the double failures that together will cause the top event to occur. Similarly for an n- components minimal cut set, all n components in the cut set must fail in order for the top event to occur. The calculation of minimal cut-sets The minimal cut sets expression for the top event can be written as in the general form T = M1 + M2 +†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦+Mk, Here the terms T is the top event and Mi are the minimal cut sets. Whereas for the each minimal cut sets for n-components minimal cut set can be represents as Mi = X1X2.,†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Xn Here the X1 and X2 , etc represents the basic components failure in the fault tree analysis I represents my above failure events as ABC, T is top event caused by all lower level events. Here I want to mention the example of top event expression is T = A + B.C Here A, B and C are components failures. In this example [A] represents the one-components minimal cut set whereas [B.C] represents the tow-components minimal cut set. In order to determine the minimal cut sets of a fault tree, the tree should be translated first to its equivalent Boolean equations. Here I want to mention the example of calculation the minimal cut set to my fault tree The procedure to calculate the minimal cut sets of fault tree T = E1.E2 being AND gate E1 = A+ E3 being OR gate E3 = B+C being OR gate E2 = C+E4 being OR gate E4 = A.B being OR gate Substituting the top down first the expression of minimal cut can be expressed as below T = (A+E3) . (C+E4) = (A.C) + (E4.C) + (E4.A) + (E3.E4) Substituting for E3, T = (A.C) + (B+C).C + E4.A + (B+C). E4 = A.C + B+C + C.C + E4.A + E4.B + E4.C Here according to idempotent law, C.C = C, substituting this value to above equations T = A.C + B.C + C + E4.A + E4.B + E4.C. Again according to the law of absorption twice, A.C + B.C + C + E4.C = C Then the above results become, T = C + E4.A + E4.B Hence, substituting for E4, applying the law of absorption twice, T = C + (A.B).A + (A.B).B = C + A.B The minimal cut sets are thus C and A.B where, [C] is one- components and [A.B] is two-components minimal cut sets.